{"id":5448,"date":"2026-04-20T00:28:49","date_gmt":"2026-04-20T00:28:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alphamach.gr\/?p=5448"},"modified":"2026-04-20T00:28:58","modified_gmt":"2026-04-20T00:28:58","slug":"a-machine-learning-vibration-based-methodology-for-robust-detection-and-severity-characterization-of-gear-incipient-faults-under-variable-working-speed-and-load","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alphamach.gr\/en\/a-machine-learning-vibration-based-methodology-for-robust-detection-and-severity-characterization-of-gear-incipient-faults-under-variable-working-speed-and-load\/","title":{"rendered":"A Machine Learning Vibration-Based Methodology for Robust Detection and Severity Characterization of Gear Incipient Faults Under Variable Working Speed and Load"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>A Machine Learning Vibration-Based Methodology for Robust Detection and Severity Characterization of Gear Incipient Faults Under Variable Working Speed and Load<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By Dimitrios M. Bourdalos and John S. Sakellariou<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Experimental&nbsp;Assessment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1. Gearbox, Gear Fault Scenarios and Vibration&nbsp;Signals<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The experimental dataset has been acquired by the authors at the University of Patras, Greece. <strong>The&nbsp;set-up (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#fig_body_display_machines-14-00009-f004\">Figure 4<\/a>a), manufactured by \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/alphamach.gr\/\">alphamach.gr<\/a>\u2019<\/strong>, consists of a single-stage spur gearbox driven by an AC electric motor and loaded by a DC motor. The&nbsp;gearbox features a pinion with 17 teeth and a gear with 34 teeth. The&nbsp;drive motor operates at 61&nbsp;distinct speeds, ranging from 10 rev\/s (1200 rpm) to 25 rev\/s (1500 rpm) in increments of 0.25 rev\/s (15 rpm), regulated by a standard variable frequency drive (inverter). The&nbsp;load motor operates as a generator, allowing adjustable loading conditions for the gearbox. Four different load scenarios are implemented: For Load 1, the&nbsp;load motor is detached from the gearbox. For&nbsp;Load 2, the&nbsp;load motor is attached to the gearbox but remains unloaded (no devices are connected to the generator\u2019s outputs). In&nbsp;Load 3, the&nbsp;load motor is attached to the gearbox and a 500-watt device is connected. Finally, in&nbsp;Load 4, the&nbsp;load motor is attached to the gearbox with a 1000-watt device connected. An&nbsp;incipient fault is introduced at the base of a single pinion tooth in the gearbox (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#fig_body_display_machines-14-00009-f004\">Figure 4<\/a>b) using a typical Dremel-type cutting tool. The&nbsp;fault scenarios are implemented at four distinct severity levels, each defined as a percentage of the total tooth face width (w) affected (see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#fig_body_display_machines-14-00009-f004\">Figure 4<\/a>c). The&nbsp;first level corresponds to 25% of the tooth face width affected (\ud835\udc3f1=0.25\ud835\udc64), the&nbsp;second to 50% (\ud835\udc3f2=0.5\ud835\udc64), and the third and fourth to 75% (\ud835\udc3f3=0.75\ud835\udc64) and 100% (\ud835\udc3f4=\ud835\udc64), respectively. The&nbsp;above fault scenarios are designated as F25, F50, F75 and F100, respectively. It is worth noting that the faults have been introduced on the gears inside the gearbox without disassembly, thus avoiding additional&nbsp;uncertainties.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/machines\/machines-14-00009\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/machines-14-00009-g004-550.jpg\" alt=\"Machines 14 00009 g004\" title=\"Machines 14 00009 g004\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#fig_body_display_machines-14-00009-f004\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Figure 4.<\/strong> The experimental set-up: (<strong>a<\/strong>) photo of the gearbox including the sensors (accelerometer and tachometer) locations, (<strong>b<\/strong>) cross-sectional view of the one-stage gearbox and (<strong>c<\/strong>) the pinion single-tooth fault scenarios F25, F50, F75 and F100.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vibration signals are acquired using a single triaxial accelerometer placed on the ball bearing housing of the secondary shaft (see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#fig_body_display_machines-14-00009-f004\">Figure 4<\/a>a). The&nbsp;signals are sampled with a sample frequency of \ud835\udc53\ud835\udc60=10,240 Hz, and&nbsp;only z-direction (radial axis aligned with the gravitational direction) measurements are employed based on the fact that they typically exhibit the strongest sensitivity to spur gear faults&nbsp;[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#B53-machines-14-00009\">53<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#B54-machines-14-00009\">54<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#B55-machines-14-00009\">55<\/a>]. Additionally, a&nbsp;laser tachometer measures simultaneously the rotating speed of the drive motor (see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#fig_body_display_machines-14-00009-f004\">Figure 4<\/a>a). A&nbsp;total of 18,765 vibration signals are recorded (see details in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9#table_body_display_machines-14-00009-t001\">Table 1<\/a>) including all considered health states, rotating speeds and loads. Only 465 of them (2.5% of the complete dataset) are employed for the training of the ML methodology, while the remaining 18,300 signals (97.5%) are exclusively used in the inspection (testing) phase for the methodology\u2019s assessment and&nbsp;comparison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read the full article\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/14\/1\/9\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Machine Learning Vibration-Based Methodology for Robust Detection and Severity Characterization of Gear Incipient Faults Under Variable Working Speed and Load By Dimitrios M. Bourdalos and John S. Sakellariou 4. Experimental&nbsp;Assessment 4.1. Gearbox, Gear Fault Scenarios and Vibration&nbsp;Signals The experimental dataset has been acquired by the authors at the University of Patras, Greece. The&nbsp;set-up (Figure [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5449,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[109],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-design"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Machine Learning Vibration-Based Methodology for Robust Detection and Severity Characterization of Gear Incipient Faults Under Variable Working Speed and Load - Alphamach.gr<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alphamach.gr\/en\/a-machine-learning-vibration-based-methodology-for-robust-detection-and-severity-characterization-of-gear-incipient-faults-under-variable-working-speed-and-load\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Machine Learning Vibration-Based Methodology for Robust Detection and Severity Characterization of Gear Incipient Faults Under Variable Working Speed and Load - Alphamach.gr\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A Machine Learning Vibration-Based Methodology for Robust Detection and Severity Characterization of Gear Incipient Faults Under Variable Working Speed and Load By Dimitrios M. 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